Understanding Figurative Language in the Bible

A Resource for Interpretation

Understanding Figurative Language in the Bible

The path to understanding the Bible invariably involves distinguishing between the literal and figurative language it utilizes. Developing a sense of when to take words at face value and when to look for a deeper meaning can enrich one’s study of this sacred text. This article serves as a guide to recognizing and understanding the nuanced use of language in the Bible.

Eight Strategies to Recognize Figurative Language

As one navigates the spiritual voyage through biblical texts, understanding the instances of figurative language becomes pivotal. Here we outline eight strategies to assist you in this endeavor:

• Contextual Analysis
  Psalm 78:2: "I will open my mouth in a parable: I will utter dark sayings of old." Here, the speaker clearly announces the intention to speak in parables, a form of metaphorical language. This serves as a direct preparatory statement signaling to the readers to anticipate the figurative expressions that will follow, setting a context that is ripe for the deployment of allegory and symbolism to convey deeper meanings. It essentially prefaces the subsequent discourse with a notice of the use of metaphorical language. Not all will be as straightforward as Psalm 78:2 but from an analysis of the context of any passage one will be able to discern when figurative language is used.

• Identifying Impossibilities
  When a literal reading leads to an impossibility, look beyond the surface. Take the example in Numbers 22:28-30, where a donkey speaks. While impossible in the natural world, the text describes a miracle. Readers should recognize both the impossibility and the supernatural element for a nuanced interpretation. What seems figurative, personification, can also indicate the miraculous. In contrast, Proverbs 8:3 personifies Wisdom as a woman speaking at the city gates. Here, the figurative language serves to emphasize the importance of wisdom, without implying a miraculous event.

• Spotting Contradictions
  Isaiah 45:7 can be seen as contradictory when superficially read. A more in-depth analysis reveals a nuanced meaning of “evil,” referring to calamity and asserting God’s supreme control over events, refraining from attributing moral wrongdoing to God.

• Detecting Unethical Instructions
  Matthew 5:29 utilizes hyperbole to accentuate the gravity of avoiding sin, guiding readers to prioritize moral integrity above all, without adhering to the literal sense of causing oneself harm.

• Acknowledging Explicit Figurative Declarations
  In Daniel 7, beasts symbolically represent kingdoms, inviting readers to unravel the layered prophetic messages through an understanding of the figurative representation.

• Recognizing Numerical Substitutions
  Genesis 22:17 employs numerical symbolism to emphasize the grandeur of Abraham’s lineage, indicating a figurative expression rather than a precise number.

• Understanding Sarcasm and Mockery
  The use of sarcasm in 1 Kings 18:27, where Elijah mocks the prophets of Baal, signals a scornful dismissal of false prophets, steering readers towards the underlying critique rather than a literal interpretation.

• Leveraging Common Sense
  Common sense guides us in Psalms 91:4 to understand the metaphorical representation of God’s protective nature, facilitating a deeper understanding through the imagery of a bird shielding with its feathers.

• Knowing the Genre

  I am thankful to Jameson Steward of the Centered on Christ sub-stack of Christ for the following: “Knowing the type of literature can also help us determine if the language being used is figurative or not. For example, the Psalms are poetry - and the vast majority of poetry is figurative language.” Other genres are utilized in Scripture such as history, apocalyptic, prophecy, and epistles to individuals or groups. A study of the different genres will help to understand whether or not figurative language is being used and how to interpret it when it is.

The Significance of Distinguishing Literal and Figurative Language

Understanding and distinguishing between literal and figurative language in the Bible is crucial for several reasons:

• Accurate Interpretation: Recognizing figurative language helps in interpreting the scripture accurately, bringing one closer to the original intent of the authors.

• Deepened Understanding: Unveiling the deep spiritual truths often conveyed through metaphor, simile, and other figures of speech brings layers of meaning to light, enhancing the richness of one’s study.

• Avoiding Misuse: Misunderstandings and misapplications can arise from texts taken out of context. Understanding the nuances of figurative language can prevent misuse, fostering correct application in individual lives.

• Appreciation of Literary Beauty: The scriptures offer a rich literary texture. Recognizing figurative language enhances appreciation for this craftsmanship, presenting the Bible in a new and engaging light.

• Guidance in Moral and Ethical Decisions: Correct interpretation can be a guide in moral and ethical dilemmas. Figurative language often communicates complex truths about human nature and morality, serving as principles in one's life.

• Personal Spiritual Growth: For those who regard the Bible as a spiritual text, understanding figurative language fosters personal spiritual growth, providing a deeper comprehension of spiritual teachings and enriching the faith journey.

• Facilitating Meaningful Discussions: In Bible study groups or theological discussions, the ability to analyze and interpret figurative language leads to insightful and meaningful conversations, nurturing a learning environment rich in diverse perspectives.

• Education and Teaching: For educators, understanding these nuances is essential in conveying the richness of the text and fostering deeper understanding among learners, nurturing a more fruitful education process.

Understanding the distinctions between literal and figurative language, therefore, serves as a fundamental tool in the study of the Bible, aiding in a richer, deeper, and more accurate engagement with the text.

Conclusion

Equipped with the strategies to discern figurative language, individuals are empowered to navigate the complex linguistic landscape of the Bible. This facilitates a richer engagement with the text, nurturing a deeper connection with the spiritual wisdom encapsulated therein, and fosters a more fruitful exploration of the Bible's rich literary and spiritual landscape.